![]() The primate T-lymphotropic viruses ( PTLVs) are a group of retroviruses that infect primates, using their lymphocytes to reproduce. Simian T-lymphotropic virus 5 (unrecognized). ![]() Human T-lymphotropic virus 4 (unrecognized).Otherwise, mosquito numbers (or other vectors with a short lifespan) quickly bounce back.Informal grouping of virus species Primate T-lymphotropic virusĪ micrograph showing both Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and HIV Unfortunately, these interventions need to be sustained. DDT in the past and more recently pesticide-coated bed nets have been proven to work very effectively. That often means trying to kill as many vectors as possible. Namely, we can try to control the ID at the vector stage. With vector-borne ID, there is a unique opportunity for interventions that do not exist for directly transmitted diseases. As such, in regions that have strong differences in rainfall between seasons, one often observes annual cycles based on annual weather patterns.ĩ.4 Vector-borne Transmission and Interventions For instance, the reproductive cycle of mosquitos strongly depends on the weather, and specifically the availability or lack of water. Nevertheless, patterns in ID dynamics are often observed for vector-borne diseases and are at least partially understood. This obviously adds a lot of complexity to the model. This general concept still holds, but there are now two species (e.g., humans and mosquitos), both have distinct and intrinsic dynamics and responding differently to external factors. In a previous chapter, we discussed cycles that could be caused by the intrinsic transmission dynamics or influenced by external drivers (e.g., seasonal changes in weather). Understanding what mechanisms lead to potentially observed patterns in incidence and prevalence for vector-borne diseases is difficult, due to the presence of more than one host. 24 Appendix D - A very brief introduction to data fittingĩ.3 Vector-borne Transmission and ID Patterns.23 Appendix C - The different uses of Infectious Disease models.22 Appendix B - How to build or use the right model.21 Appendix A - A brief description of modeling software.19.11 ID Transmission on Dynamic Networks.19.10 Modeling ID Transmission on Networks.17.4 Ecological drivers of evolution and emergence.14.6 Modeling Stochasticity and Extinction.11.4.4 Special Interventions for Non-human Hosts.11.4.3 Non-pharmaceutical Interventions.11.4.2 Pharmaceutical Interventions (Drugs).11.4 Types of Infectious Disease Control.10.6 Heterogeneity and The Reproductive Number.10.5 Heterogeneity in Transmission: Superspreaders.10.4 Heterogeneity in Transmission: Core Groups.9.4 Vector-borne Transmission and Interventions.9.3 Vector-borne Transmission and ID Patterns.8.6.1 Basic Science Example: Environmental Transmission for Cholera.8.5 Environmental Transmission and Interventions.8.4 Environmental Transmission and External Drivers. ![]()
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